Paper-12 English language teaching "Sociolinguistic"

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Paper-10 American literature "Comparison of Hester Praynne's Character with Bollywood Movie"

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Comparison of Hester Praynne's Character with Bollywood Movie from Rinkal Jani

Paper-9 Reflection of various interpretation in Harold Pinter's 'The Birthday Party'

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Reflection of various interpretation in Harold Pinter's 'The Birthday Party' 

"To The Lighthouse" by Virginia Woolf - blog task

"To The Lighthouse" by Virginia Woolf - blog task

Hello Friends,
This Blog is a part of my online blog task for Virginia Woolf’s “To The Lighthouse”.
Click here to see the Worksheet of the blog task         

 

1. Virginia Woolf tries to talk about a simple life with a simple wish and simple style. But she makes it pretty complex with her style of writing. Writing style also meters lot in any form of art and that’s why some particular things must be needed and as per my understanding she done justice with what a message she tries to convey through her writing. She drags reader into absurdity with her writing and it is her stream of consciousness. She presented it very well and that’s why I can say that what she wants to say can be said effectively in this way and in this style only.    

 
2. Yes I am fully agree with this statement that, “The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay”. At one point writer tries to convey that she is quite good at house hold work and good housewife. But at the same time she portrays Lily Briscoe and it is known as Virginia Woolf herself. So, we can say that may be she is not satisfied with Mrs. Ramsey’s character and she wants to throw light on both the perspective of a lady’s life. One is as a good house keeper and another one is as an individual human being. Mrs. Ramsay’s painting gives us message that she is also a person outside the home, without home.

3. As per my thinking, lighthouse is not stand for only Mrs. Ramsay or Lily Briscoe but it is stand for individuality, it is stand for inner voice. As we know, though Mrs. Ramsay does only household work but she is a strong individual person, who handles everything in every situation. Lily is also a painter and it is itself an achievement. They both did their work very positively. So it is not particularly for any single lady character but it for individuality. It is for strong, personal self confidence, self assurance, faith, belief and support. This lighthouse is stand for their strong inner foundation.     

4. Here Woolf has used Oedipus myth and myth of Rhea and other Goddesses. The light house is relevant to the human phallic symbol but here it stands for Mrs Ramsay. She is the live force, creative force of the Ramsay family. Exalting the feminine principle in life over the masculine, Virginia Woolf built her novel around a character embodying the life-giving role of the female. In opposition, she shows the male, both in the father and son aspect, as death-bearing?arid, sterile, hateful, and "fatal" . The female principle in life is exalted in all its aspects of love which are opposed to the harsh and critical aspects of the male principle, of fertility with its pattern of triumph over death in rebirth. What, then, becomes of the single obvious central symbol, the Lighthouse. 

5. “Kunstlerromen” means growth of an artist in simple words. So, we can easily say that ‘To the Light House’ is a Kunstlerromen novel because it shows two artist’s growth. Fist one is inside the novel and another one is outside the novel. Lily Briscoe completes her painting at the end of the novel which was started and left by her. It means that painting grows in her mind. So, Lily Briscoe’s growth as a painter in the novel and Virginia Woolf’s growth as an author outside the novel is clearly visible. And main part is that growth is natural and because of experiences.

7. This novel is an open ended novel that is the first thing. Another thing is if we look at its ‘beginning’ and ‘starting’ then we can conclude that James’ wish was fulfilled at the end of the novel. So it is the major thing which is different in it. And I am agreeing with it that novel is more poignant than movie because movie can restrict our imagination. We can simply feel tone in movie but in novel we cannot. So we have to assume speaker’s tone as per our wish and it makes it more sharpen than movie. What may be reader’s mood is that type of emotions he/she can read from a text. 

8. At the end Lily Briscoe completed her painting and after completing it she realizes that she made a mistake. She tries to portray Mrs. Ramsay but she is such a huge personality so she cannot portray her in a painting and that’s what she realizes that she is such a fool that she even try to done such an impossible work. She also repeats Mrs. Ramsay’s words that “Closed doors, open windows” and I feel that she is instruction to herself that she can never become Mrs. Ramsay and she cannot justify with her painting also. So now close door of thinking about her and open windows of understanding that she has to believe in herself.

"Communicative language Teaching"

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Name: Rinkal D. 

 Roll No: 22       

            

Batch: 2016-18

SEM: 3

Enrollment no: 2069108420170012

Email Id: rinkaljani1807@gmail.com

Paper No: 11 English language teaching-1

Topic: "Communicative Language Teaching"

Submitted to:  Dr Dillip Barad

Department of English,

Smt. S. B. Gardi

Maharaja Krshnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar Universit

Background :

                                    The origins of Communicative Language ,Teaching ( CLT ) are to be found in the changes in the British Language teaching tradition dating from the late 1960s until then, situational language teaching represented the major British approach to teaching English as a foreign language. In situational language teaching, language was taught by practicing basic structures in meaningful situation based activities but just as the linguistic theory underlying audio lingualism was rejected in the United States in the mid 1960s British applied linguists began to call into question the theoretical assumptions underlying Situational Language Teaching

                                  By the end of the sixties it was clear that the situational approach had run its course. There was no future in continuing to peruse the chimera of predicting language on the basis of situational events. What was required was a closer study of the language it self and a return to the traditional concept that utterance carried meaning in themselves and expressed the meanings and intentions of the speakers and writers who created them. ( Howatt – 1984 : 280 )

                               

A British linguist D.A.Wilkins (1912) proposed a functional or communicative definition of language. [p

                        Little wood ( 1981 : 1 ) states, “ one of the most characteristics features of communicative language teaching is  that it pays systematic attention to functional as well as structural aspect of language. ” 

                        The introduction to the national primary English Syllabus based on a Communicative approach comments that,

             “Communicative purposes may be of many different kinds what is essential in all of them is that at least two parties are involved in an interaction or transformed of some kind where one party has an intention and the other party expands or reacts to the intention.” 

                             Yalden ( 1983 ) in her discussion of communicative syllabus design, discusses six communicative language teaching design alternatives, ranging from a model in which Communicative exercise are grafted onto an existing structural syllabus, to a learner generated views of syllabus design .

                         In English language teaching, it is understood that with the help of CLT, teachers try to enhance the Communicative competence includes following competences.

1.  Grammatical competence

2.  Discourse competence

3.  Strategic competence

4.  Socio linguistic competence.

              

                       At present we find, learners are by and large not able to use the language that they learn in either written or oral form. In other words it is their inability to communicate with each other. It is the Communicative approach and Communicative language teaching which advocates and attaches paramount importance to the communicative aspect of language in English Language Teaching.

                            Language being a means of expression and communication is learnt to communicate through its use and therefore any language course ought to provide the learner with the skills that enable him to interact with others. Considering this viewpoint, the communicative language teaching may be defined as a teaching language for communication in simple terms it means,

                   In CLT, the whole focus is on communication proficiency rather then on more mastery of language.

                    It aims at creating the right kind of environment in the classroom which brings about in learners and urge to say something to express them to do something with words and the urge to communicate.

                    It favours group work to the maximum possible extent in order to interact the learner with each other and to raise the maximum learners involvement in the teaching as well as learning process.

                     It’s one of the aims of his to help the learners to acquire communicative competence for example, ability to use the linguistic system effectively.

                    It is the learner oriented approach and not the teacher oriented.

Communicative Language Teaching (The Communicative Approach)

As the language theories underlying the Audiolingual method and the Sitiuational Language Teaching method were questioned by prominent linguists like Chomsky (1957) during the 1960s, a new trend of language teaching paved its way into classrooms. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), which is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages, emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. It is also referred to as “Communicative Approach”. Historically, CLT has been seen as a response to the Audio-Lingual Method (ALM), and as an extension or development of the Notional-Functional Syllabus. Task-based language learning, a more recent refinement of CLT, has gained considerably in popularity.

Shortcomings of structuralism and behaviorism

The theories underlying the audiolingual method and the situational language teaching were widely criticized during the 1960s. Noam Chomsky, for instance, rejected the structuralist view of language and demonstrated that there is a distinction between performance and competence.  The goal of the linguist is to study the linguistic competence native speakers are endowed with. He also showed, rightly, that structuralism and behaviorism were unable to account for one fundamental  aspect of language, namely the creativity and uniqueness of individual sentences. A child is able to produce an infinite number of sentences that s/he has never encountered. This makes  the factors of  imitation, repetition and habit formation weak arguments to account for any language learning theory.

A shift towards communicative proficiency

The increasing interdependency between the European countries necessitated a need for a greater effort to teach adults the principal languages of the continent. New goals were set in language teaching profession:

• The paramount importance of communication aspects of language.
• The increasing interest in meaningful learning.
• The growing centrality of the learner in teaching processes.
• The subordinate importance of structural teaching of language.

Notional / functional dimension of language

Applied linguists  and philosophers addressed another fundamental dimension of language: the functional and communicative potential of language.  The speech act theory showed that we do something when we speak a language. We use language ( cf Halliday 1975)

• to get things,
• to control behavior,
• to create interaction with others,
• to express personal feelings,
• to learn,
• to create a world of imagination,
• to communicate information.

Besides applied linguists emphasized  a teaching of language based on communicative proficiency rather than mastery of structures. instead of describing the core of language through traditional concepts of grammar and vocabulary, they (Van Ek & Alexander, 1975; Wilkins, 1976) attempted to show the systems of meaning underlying the communicative use of language. They described two kinds of meanings.

• Notional categories: concepts such as time, sequence; quantity, location, frequency.
• Functional categories: requests offers, complaints, invitation …

In other words, a “notion” is a particular context in which people communicate. A “function” is a specific purpose for a speaker in a given context. For example, the “notion,” of shopping requires numerous language “functions,” such as asking about prices or features of a product and bargaining.

One language competence or numerous competences?

For Chomsky the focus of linguistics was to describe the linguistic competence that enables speakers to produce grammatically correct sentences. Dell Hymes held, however,  that such a view of linguistic theory was sterile and that it failed to picture all the aspects of language. He advocated the need of a theory that incorporate communication competence. It must be a definition of what a speaker needs to know in order to be communicatively competent in a speech community.

Later Canale and Swaine (1980) described four dimensions of communicative competence.

• Grammatical competence: refers to what Chomsky calls linguistic competence.
• Sociolinguistic competence: refers to an understanding of the social context in which communication takes place (role relationships, shared beliefs and information between participants …)
• Discourse competence: refers to the interpretation of individual messsage elements in terms of their interconnectedness and how meaning is represented in relationship to the entire discourse or text.
• Strategic competence: refers to the coping strategies that participants use to initiate terminate, maintain, repair and redirect communication

Learning theory

According to the the communicative approach, in order for learning to take place, emphasis must be put on the importance of these variables:

• Communication: activities that involve real communication promote learning.
• Tasks: activities in which language is used to carry out meaningful tasks supports the learning process.
• Meaning: language that is meaningful and authentic to the learner boosts learning.

Acquiring or learning?

Stephen Krashen later advocated in his language learning theory that there should be a distinction between learning and acquiring. He sees acquisition as the basic process involved in developing language proficiency and distinguishes this process from learning. Acquisition is an unconscious process that involves the naturalistic development of language proficiency while learning is the conscious internalization of the rules of language. It results in explicit knowledge about the forms of language and the ability to verbalize this knowledge. Learning according to Krashen can not lead to acquisition.

Syllabus

Communicative language teaching syllabus organizes the teaching according to the notional and functional categories of language rather than according to its structures.It concentrates on the following:

• Interactions: using  language to communicate,
• Tasks: using language to  perform meaningful tasks
• Learner: putting the learner’s interests, needs in the forefront.

Merits of CLT

There are many advantages in teaching according to the communicative approach:

• CLT is a holistic approach. It doesn’t focus only on the traditional structural syllabus. It takes into consideration communicative dimension of language.
• CLT provides vitality and motivation within the classroom.
• CLT is a learner centered approach. It capitalizes on the interests and needs of the learner.
• In a world where communication of information and information technology have broken new considerable ground, CLT can play an important role in education.

Criticism

• Notional syllabus was criticized as merely replacing one kind of list, namely a list of grammatical structures, with another list of notions and functions.
• The various categories of language functions are overlapping and not systematically graded like the structures of the language.
• The communicative approach focuses on the use of language in everyday situations, or the functional aspects of language, and less on the formal structures. There must be a certain balance between the two.It gives priority to meanings and rules of use rather than to grammar and rules of structure.  Such concentration on language behavior may result in negative consequences in the sense that important structures and rules would be left out.
• The approach relies extensively on the functional-notational syllabus which places heavy demands on the learners.
• A major principle underlying this approach is its emphasis on learners’ needs and interests. This implies that every teacher should modify the syllabus to fit the needs of the learners.
• The requirements are difficult. Not all classrooms can allow for group work activities and for teaching aids and materials.

In spite of its critics, CLT has gained widespread acceptance in the world of language study. CLT can succeed, as long as teachers don’t completely reject the need for the structure provided by grammar. Teachers must strive for moderation and shouldn’t neglect the merits of other methods. CLT, in the hands of a balanced teacher, can bring new life and joy to the classroom. Its vitality makes it an important contributor to language learning approaches.

THE ROLES OF THE TEACHER AND STUDENT CHANGE IN COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING?

Teachers in communicative classrooms will find themselves talking less and listening more--becoming active facilitators of their students' learning (Larsen-Freeman, 1986). The teacher sets up the exercise, but because the students' performance is the goal, the teacher must step back and observe, sometimes acting as referee or monitor. A classroom during a communicative activity is far from quiet, however. The students do most of the speaking, and frequently the scene of a classroom during a communicative exercise is active, with students leaving their seats to complete a task.

Because of the increased responsibility to participate, students may find they gain confidence in using the target language in general. Students are more responsible managers of their own learning (Larsen-Freeman, 1986).

    Some of the features of CLT are as under:

Ø  Focus on language as a medium of communication is the main feature of this approach recognizes that all communication has a social purpose. Learner has

something to say or find out.

Ø In communication one uses the language with an intention of conveying message and they are always in form of functions, like speaking information, apologizing, expressing, likes and dislikes and motions like apologizing for being late, asking late/asking where the nearest railway station or bus stop is, so in this approach form is not primary but functions are primary.

Ø In the classroom situation, languages are taught vacuum language for the sake of language or passing examinations, the language is hardly taught for true communications. The communicative approach enables learners to communicate.

Ø In communicative approach, learners learn the second or foreign language as one was acquired the first language. Opportunities for learners to use target language in a communicative way for meaning activities emphasis is on meaning rather than form.

Ø Use of target language as routine medium for classroom instruction and management enables learners to acquire language naturally.

Ø Communicative approach is learners centered because all the teaching activities are planed according to learners need and interest.

Ø The learners are taught to use the language and they are taught the language as native. They need to be able to cope or survive in a variety of everyday situations. They may encounter in foreign countries where target language is being used.

Ø Classroom should provide opportunities for rehearsal of real life situations and real communication emphasis on techniques like creative role plays, simulations, projects etc. produce spontaneously and improvisation not just more repetition and drills.

Ø There is more emphasis on active modes of learning including pair work and group work. In this approach, learners are active learners.

Ø The learners have to develop skills of language; speaking and listening are skill to be exploited from oral communication.

Ø Errors are a natural part of learning language. Learners trying their best to use the language creatively and spontaneously are bound to make errors. Constant correction is unnecessary and even counter-productive. Constant correction should be noted by teacher. Let them take and express themselves form of language becomes secondary.

Ø Grammar is taught but less systematically. It is taught in traditional ways with innovative approaches so emphasis on teaching grammar is not prescriptively but descriptively.

Ø The authentic material is used instead of age old texts. Materials must relate to learners own lives, fresh and real revising texts and materials regularly keeps teacher on toes and learners interested.

Ø Language need not be laboriously monotones and ‘medium’ oriented. Language can be structure but also spontaneous and incidental. The language is never static; it is dynamic. This approach leads learners to make use of language naturally and according to form and usage.

Ø Use of visual stimuli OHP/ flash cards, etc important to provoke practical Communicative language. Visual resources can be exploited at whatever level one wishes help to motivate and focus learners attention.

v  Conclusion :

                           Communicative language teaching is best considered an approach rather than a method. It refers to a diverse set of principles that reflect a Communicative view of language and language learning and that can be used to support a wide variety of classroom procedures.

Work cited:

http://www.myenglishpages.com/blog/communicative-language-teaching-communicative-approach/

https://www.ericdigests.org/1993/sample.htm

"Edger Allen Poe" as a short story writer

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Name: Rinkal D. Jani

Roll No: 22

Batch: 2016-18

SEM: 3

Enrollment no: 2069108420170012

Email Id: rinkaljani1807@gmail.com

Paper No: 10- American Literature

Topic:"Edger Allen Poe" as a short story writer

Submitted to:  Dr Dillip Ba 

Department of English,

Smt. S. B. Gardi

Maharaja Krshnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar Universit

   

Introduction: Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in American literature, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. He is considered as Father of short stories .He was first who give theory of short stories.

Poe was orphaned at the age of three and taken into the home of Scotish tobacco merchant John Allan. An increasingly strained relationship with Allan lead to expulsion from both the University of Virginia and West Point and, after a brief but distinguished period in the army, Poe turned to journalism. Though he became well known both as an journalist and a writer of fiction, his salary never matched his fame and Poe spent most of his life in extreme poverty. In 1836 he married his then thirteen year old cousin Virginia Clemm - a relationship into which much has been read. After a period of increasing mental instability following the death of Virginia, Poe died of 'delerium' in Baltimore in unexplained circumstances.

Poe is widely remembered as the master of Gothic Horror, but he also developed many of the conventions of Science Fiction and, with 'Rue Morgue', created the detective fiction genre. Poe had both a deep fascination with science and a suspicion of its dogmatism and materialism. This conflict of the rational and the imaginative, natural and supernatural and a desire to see it resolved lies at the heart of much of his work.

In 1838 Poe moves his family to Philadelphia early in the year. Harper publishes the narrative of author. Gordon Pym in July. In 1838 he becomes an editor of Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine to which he contributes most of its reviews and several tales including the conversation of Eros and charm ion “The Fall of the House of Usher”. In 1843 “The tell tale heart appears in the pioneer in January and the installment of “The mystery of Marie Roget” Appears in the February ladies companion. In 1843 The gold bug wins $100 prize in literary contents Dollar newspaper.   

E. A. Poe has written many short stories and each and every story contains the different meaning. All of these stories are dependable on Psychological facts and logical; thinking process.

1.   The fall of the House of Usher.

2.   The Purloined Letter.

3.   The Gold Bug.

4.   The Tell Tale Heart.

5.   The Cask of Amontillado etc.

Key points Poe as a short story writer:

• Narrative technique
• Brevity of narration
• repetition of words and phrase
• singularity of effect
• poetic justice (evil should be punish and virtue should be rewarded)
• Brilliant use of psychology
• brilliant sense of understanding of psychology 

 Characteristics of Poe’s Short story and Literary Writing Style of Edger Allan Poe.

       "Brevity is the soul of the short story"

                The Gothic Romantic Movement combined elements of horror and romance – much like our thriller and horror films today. By the time Poe came along, people weren’t writing as many horror stories – the genre had fallen out of favor somewhat, but Poe was one of the main writers who reinterpreted and refreshed the genre. The Romantics focused on awe, trepidation, and terror and the Gothics focused on the mysterious, such as hidden passageways, ghosts, screams, and magic. So when the two are combined, such as Poe did, you end up with a whole lot of creepy.

  

Edgar Allan Poe, an important writer and a poet, during the Victorian Gothic period is credited with producing many tales of mystery, and terror. Poe’s first collection of short stories “Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque” was published in 1839.Poe’s imaginative writings within several different modes of discourse show how Poe both followed yet departed from a variety of literary approaches and genres. In ‘Poe and Gothic Tradition’, Benjamin Franklin Fisher begins by placing Poe among Anglo-American Gothic novelists and then provides close readings of several of Poe’s Gothic tales to show how he manipulated and challenged the conventions of gothic fiction and horror. Also best known for his tales of mystery and macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of short story and is considered the inventor of detective fiction genre.

Poe's statement not only furnishes a negative basis for telling what a short story is not, but it

Also offers a positive foundation upon which we can establish a definition of the short story which declares that a short story is a brief tale which can be told or read at one sitting.

This definition requires two things of the story: (1) that it shall be short and (2) that it shall possess coherence sufficient to hold the reader's or listeners unflagging interest from beginning to end.

NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE:

       For any of the writer or poet the narrative technique is also the primary step towards the work. Narrative technique is the art which made any writer successful because only words don't have any effect but how one can arrange them is the main thing to create the scene. No matter is it a short story or a long novel but the treatment of words is always remain in the center of any work of art.
      The short stories of the Poe are not always get conclusion in 1000 words but sometimes it takes more than 10000 words. So its not always the story but sometimes its the plot and his narrative technique that how he create the effect. For him no matter if the character is criminal or a politician or it is the puzzle of any hidden treasure h has given justification to all of them.

LANGUAGE:

                  "Short story is the garland of words and 
                     the novel is treasure of the words."

 Poe has used the language of a Criminal, inspector, politician,mentally abnormal people etc Just with the use of words poe has created such an criminal atmosphere.

CULTURE AND SETTING:

One person can not escape from his culture
                   its may be consciuosly or unconsciously
                               appear in his work”

 Poe has described the manners of people, the way of living life even also very important that how the problems solved by detective not Police which describe the concept of detective in America comes earlier.

FORM OF ART:

  “Short story have a single plot which made
                           deep effect on the reader

he Short Stories of the Poe made the readers think about that. Its not much easy for reader to give any kind of predicament about the plot. Poe has  enough capacity to keep the interest of the reader.  Poe has started to write this kind of detective and suspense stories it was like risky because there was no craze for this type of stories but it goes very successful and also spread in the glob. It was highly appreciated after than many writers were inspired by him and the rise of this kind of story we find in the literature

According to Poe a short story should:

1.  be able to be read in one sitting.  

Poe defined this as being from one-half hour to one or two hours.  Nowadays, with television, radio, playstations and Ipod for alternative entertainment, this may seem like a long time.  But the one sitting rule is still a good one, even if that one sitting is five minutes.

2. strive for unity of effect. 

 Poe believed the aim of the short story was to create a mood, an ambience, or as he called it, an “effect.” The effect Poe himself often sought to create was terror or horror.  While many writers today completely ignore this rule, you may notice in reading short stories a single effect--nostalgia, sadness, elation, whatever.

3. Singularity of effect

begin with the first sentence.Obviously.  

 But it means more than    that.  Poe insisted that the effect should be created from the very first line.  His best short stories, such as “The Tell-tale Heart,” attempt to create this effect from line one:  “True--nervous--very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and still am;  but why will you say that I am mad?  The disease had sharpened my senses, not dulled them.  Above all was the sense of hearing acute.  I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth.  I heard many things in hell.  How then, am I mad?”  Well, this fella does seem to be one can short of a six-pack.  And we know it from line one.

4.  Brevity of Narration: Have nothing in it that detracts from the design.  The story should lead directly and inevitably to the conclusion without excess or digressive material.  Get to the point and stay there.

5. Aim for truth.  Not truth, literally. That is, you can still include events that might not literally occur.  Lord knows Poe did.  He wrote all sorts of wild stories, and so can you.  But he believed that the story should remain true to the way people really act in a given situation, true to the human heart.

6.  stress imagination, invention, creation and originality.  

It’s no secret that Poe’s emphasis on effect is no longer always the driving force in the short story.  Contemporary writers have turned their rules every which way but loose.  But don’t forget these concepts as you begin to read the great short stories in our unit.

Poe's contributions in short story:

            Poe's short stories are read in popular as well as literary circles. His innovations and use of literary devices help him to earn a place in literature cannons. However, it's his entertainment value that earns hi m a place in the reader's heart. Through his desire to create an overall effect, he pulls the reader in from his first sentence. His stories deal with basic themes that have endured centuries, such as vengeance, fear of death, and beautiful women. Even his lack of detail helps us to more easily associate with the characters in the stories. 

In "The Cask of a Amontillado," we find ourselves immersed a tale of one man's vengeance. The narrator never tells us why he is plotting to entomb Fortunato. That is not important. What is important is the actual plot and action in which we, the read ers actively participate. The lack of detail and absence of background information helps drive us to focus on the action The story is short, the pace is fast, and we read eagerly until we reach the end. Any interpretation or any profound message we obtain from the reading is purely our own creation. Poe wrote merely to entertain us. Unlike the transcendentalists, his writing was not controlled by nature, nor did it emerge spontaneously. Poe's works were carefully planned out. He controlled his writings. Thus he was able to introduce a great number of literary devices and plot elements to help achieve his preconceived result.
Poe also "borrowed from the older supernatural tales to illustrate psychological complexities, as in 'The Fall of the House of Usher'." His favorite tale, "Ligeia," came to him through a dream. Having already imagined the end of "Ligeia", Poe was able to craft an elaborate prose poem in which we, the readers, are active participants. Every aspect of the story, down to the character names, were chosen to help attract us to Ligeia while being repulsed by Rowena.

CRITICS VIEWS ON SHORT STORY

                              Edgar Allan Poe poet, short story writer, and critic was a conversational figure in the publishing world of antebellum America. His ability to spark controversy stemmed not only from an image concocted by his contemporary detectors but from the sharp tone and pointed content of the critical articles he wrote during his life time he worked as an editor and contributor to magazines in several American publishing venues including Richmond Newyourk and Philadelphia.

                               The obituary notices following Poe’s death in 1849 struggled to make sense of what fellow authors felt was the central contradiction of his life that he was the one of the country’s preeminent literary “geniuses” yet he had lived a life of misery and privation. Overwhelmingly Poe’s contemporary’s where forced to conclude that his peculiar personality was responsible for his lace of professional success. The very organization of a mind such as that of Poe the very tension and tone of his exclusively strung nerves………utterly unfitted him for the rude jostling and fierce competitor ship of trade. Henry Beck first felt in was Poe’s refusal to join the critical status quo that made his failure inevitable: Poe was no time server and as critic he could not and would not lie. Poe disturbed soul responsible in this accounts for his alienation from a mainstream literary and social world remains powerful explanatory device in modern assessments of his professional life and works. Poe’s peculiarity had justified his absence from most twentieth century accounts of American literature.

POE AND GOTHIC TRADITION

                                Few would hazard to long standing opinion that Poe was a master of the gothic horror tale although many might not as readily be aware that he did not invent Gothic fiction. Such coverts as well as many offered over the course of century succeeding his death not withstanding Poe’s gothic tales are what have typically attracted greatest number of readers and that allurement is wholly understandable. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein for example drew repeatedly on landscapes to throw into high relief the emotional explosions that occur throughout the novel. American authors understandably had no castles abbeys or cloisters in the near proximity that European authors had and thus AMERICAN GOTHICS tented to foreground other varieties of tangibles. Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter (1850) focused first on the forbidding jail so important to life in seventeenth century Boston shifted to the scaffold and then made landscapes reflect lights and shadows in human life and characters. Poe found in gothic tradition the very kinds of settings and characters that transformed in his imagination would contribute wonderful symbolism to psychologically plausible narratives of multiple outreach. The symbolism may also continue to touch readers own innermost emotional chords (fear of the dark fear to fortune and pain fear of starvation fear of unknown fear of death)and this factor may promote a recurrent fascination for such reading. Richard Wilbur started that for him Poe’s probing of psychic states “transitions between those states and the possible meanings and implications that such states might have “plus his employment of dream structures are long with his obviously well considered diction what constitute Poe’s greatness. This greatness is exemplified in his tales no matter how odd their language may initially seem. Doubtless Wilbur’s matches those of many other readers as to what is so compelling about Poe’s tale.

                              Two much admired tales “The black cat “and “The tell-tale heart “both appeal in terms of their Gothicism. In the former as in “Metzengerstein”animal and human characteristics are reversed as the narrator who, whatever his disclaimers, reveals bit by bit that he is indeed quite sadistic and maniacal or animalistic while the cats seem to become quite human. Alcohol complicates his nature although there is none of the comedy in this alcoholic story as there had been in the folio club narratives.  “The black cat “may in its inclusion of masculine and feminine traits as parts of an integrated self (what Poe’s Duping in “The purloined letters” distinguishes in his distinguishing the mathematician from poet. “The fall of house of usher” one might say that in “The black cat” as in several of the others the narrator is bested by an avenging woman whom he has wronged. But this wife remains dead there no supernaturalism to thicken the plot and it is the very alive cat that brings about the denouement Here then is another Presque modification of Gothicism.

Some North American View about Short story:

Poe, in his criticism already quoted, maintained that ir? order to produce a true short story an author must not only make his tale short and to the point, but must also fashion it with deliberate care so that it will produce a single effect; and this statement has been accepted with more or less un questioning faith by practically every man who has written authoritatively upon the short story since Poe's time.

                  Brander Matthewsdeclares that " the short story is the single effect."

                Professor Bliss Perry, “while rejecting many of Mr.Matthews's conclusions, agrees with him that the short storyof the nineteenth century is set off from those that preceded it by the “new attitude of the contemporary shortstory writer toward his material, in his conscious effort toachieve under certain conditions a certain effect."

                          Professor Canby says that“Poe succeeded in his work by fixing the attention upon the climax of his story, so that the reader sees, feels, thinks of the 'unique effect 'of the story and of nothing else. If the modern short story has a technique, here it is ; if it is an invention, Poeinvented it."

Here we saw that poe’s work is prominently as a story writer but writing of story is different away from Hoarer or Climax through talk story talking. Here I have put an image about how horror or suspense thriller through to story represents their character as:

 Allan Poe’s also very famous for Gothic form of literature of many of story his was physiological to explain. Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition

Some sources say Poe's final words were "Lord help my poor soul."
  All medical records, including his death certificate, have been lost. Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for deaths from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.
The actual cause of death remains a mystery.
Poe’s greatest literary achievement was his renovation of terror tale to entertain by means of curdling the blood. 

He realized at the outset of his career that Horror was eminently compatible with psychological plausibility in literature.

·                       Here First Example of one story name was ‘The Fall Of  House of Usher

·                     The House is full of Mysteries.

·                     The House created the image of coolness, where nobody can live.teries.

·                     The description of the house, Madeline thumping desperately

·                     in the coffin, the storm, wall with hanging shield, clamor of falling

·                     shield, slow opening of the door etc.

·                     Snow symbolizes death.

·                     The real essence of the short story is in the ‘Effect’-the effect of Terror, Horror…hair raising experience.

·                     Entombing of Madeline is full of Terror.

·                     Also some observation like as a poe’s story: 

                                                                                                                                                                

Psychological Dimension:

·                   The story depicts the struggle within the soul.

·                   Roderick Usher, his sister Madeline, and the house all shared one common soul.

·                  Brilliant use of psychology

·                  Brilliant sense of understanding of psychology

                        Next we discuss that Poe’s story "The Tell-Tale Heart" first published in January 1843. It is a gothic story which involved the psychology of man that how psychology operates and it draws man to become devil. It is told by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sense (sanity), while describing a murder he committed.

“TRUE! --Nervous --very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily --how calmly I can tell you the whole story.” – This is the starting of the story.

Throughout the reading of story, reader can understand that there is a factor of Psychology, that how its operate and how it inspires human to do some deed. Here reader can apply psychology of that servant that the Vulture eye of Old man, leads him to do murder of an old man.  Let’s discuss some psychology aspect of narrator.

Vulture Eye

v Id, Ego, Superego,

v Mental Conflict

v Guilt and Innocence

v Sanity and Insanity

v Fear and Terror

v Attempt of Crime

v Acceptance of Crime

To begin to understand the motive of the narrator in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart,” it is necessary to first analyze Poe’s life. Throughout his life, he lost nearly everyone that he loved, whether it be by leaving (his father), their deaths (his mother and wife/first cousin), or simply growing apart (his foster family). Due to all of these incidents, it is very possible that Poe developed abandonment issues; Poe was most likely very afraid of losing any more people that he cared about unexpectedly.Poe’s stories often take place in dark, mysterious places. In spite of focusing largely on horror and suspense, Poe writes about complex matters like grief and love.Most of the stories that we read in today’s modern world trace a great impact on our mind. But the question is how does the author keep the reader excited and focused? The answer is “Suspense”. Suspense is the type of writing skill that the authors use to give the readers, uncertainty about the conclusion and it becomes interesting for the readers to wonder and the want to read more. Here I share image this may be think helpful to understand how the suspense create or development of reader mind. Also here critical evaluate feature of Mystery,Horror, or Suspense.

The genre of Poe’s works, their plot structure, type of narration, word choice, imagery, devices with the help of Poe creates and heightens the effect of suspense and horror. Works such as “The Black Cat” and “The Fall of the House of Usher” serve as vivid examples of Poe’s effective horror creating technique.

When the story opens, we are confronted with a gloomy atmosphere. When his eyes fall upon the House of Usher he says, “A sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit”and he is further horrified by images he sees of the house in the tarn. Here, Poe succeeds in creating a sense of fear and suspense in our minds. There is also a use of colour imagery which creates an impact on our senses and feelings made by the shades of light.Poe paints his gloomy settings with four main colours: Black, Red, Grey and Yellow.

I said to him -- "My dear Fortunato, you are   luckily met. How remarkably well you are looking to-day! But I have received a pipe of what passes for Amontillado, and I have my doubts."- THE CASK OF AMONTILLADO  

  Ø  In this story Unreliable Narrator 1^st person narrator that some reason tells an incorrect vision of the story.

  Ø  Usually the reader trusts that the narrator is giving ab accurate version of the story.         

  Ø  With Unreliable narrator the reader can’t trust the narrator.

                  Also  many point of story about setting or background of carnival. So that What happens during Carnival

  Ø  Carnival is a time of EXCESS and INDULGENCE.

  Ø  Banging upon food and alchol is common.

  Ø  Partying in the streets and hidden are enjoyed.

Any time you deal with rules for the short story, inevitably, you’ve got to consider Edgar Allan Poe.  It was he who in 1842 virtually invented the genre as we know it today, taking it from the earlier form, “the tale,” and defining what makes a good story tick in his review of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Twice-Told Tales.  While experienced writers break Poe’s rules as often as they do anyone else’s, knowledge of these rules is fundamental to any beginning short story career.  

                    There are Element of horror or gothic is much effect is darken with evil thought represented. Here we first for when talk about Edger Allan Pow’s that I have remember many writer of Gujarati or also Hindi language literature. I have some observe like compare to work about Poe’s short story is same as Guajarati language literature was name that H.N.Golibar.He was famous for hoarer or suspense’s thriller story writer of Guajarati language. Some story example regarded as:

The Literary style of Edgar Allan:

•         Best known fiction works are Gothic

•         Most recurring themes deal with the questions of death and lost love

•         Considered part of the dark romanticism genre

•         In his short Story, “The Tell-Tale Heart” Poe writes about Murder, Insanity, Obsession and Guilt

Literary Style and Themes

•         In his poem, "The Raven", he uses many different elements as symbols. A raven is usually the symbol of something dark and sinister. A raven is also a sign of death. This poem is a poem of losing hope, and his dealings with his dead love Lenore, and how the raven torments him into insanity. Throughout the poem, the narrator is tormented by his lost love, Lenore, who came back in the form of a raven.

•         In The Raven, Poe starts off the story with "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”

•         This sentence identifies how he sets the setting for the story. This sentence makes you think of a dark lonely night. This is a good example of how Poe's literary style is dark.

    

      Conclusion:

In this sum up topic we can say that Poe's short story are very interesting deals with horror or Gothic to explain psychological thinking.With these examples of characters, we can say that, Poe’s characters have no morality and human values, but they are presented with evil deeds, monstrous figures and criminal minds.Poe’s most of the tales are psychological, horror, gothic, detective, supernatural, mysterious, they are related to crime and have characters who are abnormal, murderers and suffering from their own mentality. Edgar Allan Poe, deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art. He virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller. He also produced some of the most influential literary criticism of his time--important theoretical statements on poetry and the short story--and has had a worldwide influence on literature.
Had Poe not given us his criticism, nor written his stories, literatue would not have evolved to its present-day form. He helped to pioneer the short story. By using existing and innovative elements, he revolutionized short literature, much like Lucas revolutionized action cinema with his Star Wars.

Work cited:

http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/index.php?p=web/author/EdgarAllanPoe

http://geocities.jeremyhubble.com/poe.html

http://jayshreekunchalaok151315.blogspot.in/2014/10/criticism-of-allan-edgar-poes-short.html