Topic: “A Brief not on Communication”
Name: Rinkal D. Jani
Roll No: 21
Batch: 2016-18
SEM: 4
Enrollment no:
2069108420170012
Paper No 15: Mass media
communication
Topic: “A Brief not on Communication”
Submitted to: Dr Dillip Barad
Department of English,
Smt. S. B. Gardi
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinghji Bhavnagar University
Definition:
A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through
a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior the function of pheromones in
insect communication; also exchange of information . Communication is
the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared
understanding. It’s something that humans do every day. The word
“communication” comes from the Latin “communis,” meaning “to share,” and
includes verbal, non-verbal and electronic means of human interaction.
A human relationship involving two or more persons who come together to
share, to dialogue and to commune. Thus, communication is not just an act or a
process but also a social and cultural togetherness.
According to Denis Mcquail, “Communication is a process which increases
commonality –but also requires elements of commonality for it to occur at all.”
A common language for instance does bring people together but language alone
does not suffice for communication to take place. There are other factors too
at play such as a shared culture and a common interest which bring about a
sense of commonality and more significantly, a sense of community. The Sanskrit
term, ‘Sadharanikaran’ comes closest to the term of ‘common’ or ‘commonness’
usually associated with communication.
Need For Communication
A human being’s need for communication is as strong as the need to eat,
sleep and love.
•Communication is as much a natural need as it is a social
requirement in order to engage in the sharing of experiences, through symbol
mediated interaction.
•It requires active interaction
with our physical, biological and social environments.
•The basic human need for communication can perhaps be traced tithe
process of mankind’s evolution from lower species. •Excommunication or lack of
communication may lead to sensory deprivation, anxiety, depraved judgment, strange
visions.
The
Communication Process
This
involves a series of actions taking place that involve various types of
expressions, interpretations, response.
1.
The sender has an idea: The intent of
this phase is to start the process at a time when a sender intentionally decide
to send a message to someone else. So, the sender has an idea.
2.
The Sender
encodes the idea: When encoding one’s idea, one has to pick the code that
will fit the message and that will allow the receiver to understand. Humans use
a multitude of symbols to represent their ideas. Some symbols are linguistic
(verbal or written) code developed into complex languages. Languages are many:
the Morse code, the Braille language, the American Sign Language, and all the spoken
and dead languages of the world. Other symbols are also in use to communicate:
mathematical formulas, paintings, pictographs, hieroglyphs, traffic signals,
zip codes, baseball gestures signaling instructions from managers to players.
3. The sender transmits the message: In order for the
sender to transmit the encoded message, the sender has to choose a channel, a
medium through which to send the message. Senders can send information verbally
or nonverbally. In nonverbal communication, messages are sent through gestures,
tone of voice, use of space, etc. In verbal communication, messages are sent
through speeches or through documents. A good medium is one that
(1) can convey a message using more than one type of
clue (visual and verbal and vocal),
(2) can
facilitate feedback, and
(3) can establish personal focus. The richest medium is
a face-to-face conversation
4
The receiver gets the message:
5. The receiver decodes the message: The receiver
always decodes the message using his or her knowledge of the code used to
encode the message.
6. The receiver send feedback to the sender : Using the same
phases as the sender, the receiver send a message back to the sender providing
information on his or her level of comprehension of the message.
Noices or barriers to communication process:
Throughout the communication process, unintentional interferences
occur, distorting or interrupting the process. These interferences are called
noises. Noises can be real noises, auditory stimuli, like phones ringing,
people talking. Noises distractions and distortions as well: static over a
phone, solar flares altering a television’s reception, or psychological illnesses
modifying how people perceive the world. Communication without noises has yet
to happen. Therefore, recognizing the sources of noise and attempting to
minimize its effect is essential to improving the efficiency of one’s
communication.
Channel: A Channel is the link between the sender and the
receiver and is an essential tool for communication. The Channel should be
chosen appropriately at the appropriate time and for the appropriate audience
in order for it to function effectively.
Feedback: It means response or reaction to the sender once the
message is received.
Types of Communication:
1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal Communication
3. Group
Communication
4. Mass Communication
5. Mass line Communication
6. Verbal Communication
7 . Non-Verbal
Communication
8.
Visual communication
9. Written Communication
Verbal
Communication
Verbal
communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking. Language is said
to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in
the world. The basis of language formation are: gender, class, profession,
geographical area, age group and other social elements. Speaking is an
effective way of communicating and is again classified into two types viz.
interpersonal communication and public speaking.
Good verbal
communication is an inseparable part of business communication. In a business,
you come across people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal
communication is essential, to deal with people in business meetings. Also, in
business communication self-confidence plays a vital role which when clubbed
with fluent communication skills can lead to success.
Non-Verbal
Communication
Non-verbal
communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice,
touch, smell and body motion. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal communication
includes singing, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign language are
also included in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of
communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a lot of information.
Body posture matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone.
Folded arms and crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body
posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing, patting and touching
expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact
are all different ways of communication. Reading facial expressions can help
you know a person better.
Written
Communication
Written
communication is writing the words which you want to communicate. Good written
communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is
practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are
some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written
communication can be edited and amended many times before it is communicated to
the second party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main
advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business
activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for
informal communication purposes.
Visual communication
The last type of communication
is the visual communication. Visual communication is visual display of
information, like topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs.
Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual communication.
Effective
communication is essential for the success of any type of business. Informally
too, nothing can be achieved without proper communication. Therefore,
developing communicative skills is a must. One must understand that all the
four types of communication are equally important and one must develop
communicative skills in all the mediums. Communicative media is growing day by
day to ensure clarity and to eliminate the ambiguity in communication.
Western Communication Theories
1.Lasswell Model of Communication : Laswellsaw communication as performing
3 functions: surveillance of
environment, correlation of components of society, cultural transmission
between generations. Primary goal here
was Influence through persuasion.
2.
Shannon and Weaver Model
Effects oriented approach
§ Five parts parts:
§ information source,
§ a transmitter,
§ a channel,
§ The receiver and the
destination.
Plus
noise
3.
Osgood and Schramm Model
Schramm
defined communication as ‘sharing of information, ideas or attitudes.’
He
endorsed 3 important elements of communication i.e. source, message and
destination.
He
emphasised on the encoding and decoding of the message.
He
suggested communication is circular where both the sender and receiver are
involved
in
encoding and decoding and equal partners in exchange.
3.
Ritual Model of Communication
James Carey an American anthropologist promoted this
model. ‘Role of ritual in societies’. All members of public not just the
senders are actors contributing in some way to the pattern of meaning of a
nation or a region. Objective of
Communication/ transmission of messages is for the purpose of Social Control. Communication
is thus seen as a process of creation, representation and celebration of shared
belief.
4.
Communication as Dialogue :
Brazilian educationist, Paul
FriereCommunication as a dialogic and ‘participatory’ relationship is at the
heart of South American perspective. They key elements here are ‘liberation’,
‘participation’ and ‘conscientization’. This model challenges the Aristotelian
model of communication which focusses on ‘transmission’ and ‘transportation’.
5. Communication as Power Relationship This perspective has it’s
basis in Marxist ideology which sees ‘conflict’ and class differences rather
than consensus as the function of communication.In some situations,
Communication is an exercise in power relations, the power of one individual
over another, of an individual over a group, and of mass media owners and
producers/professionals over audiences.
Indian Communication Theories
•In recent years communication scholars in India and Sri Lanka have
made attempts to develop theories of
communication based on Indian classical
textsand on popular Indian culture.
•Indian theory of communication
forms a part of Indian
poetics; and can be traced to a
period between second
century B.C. and first century
A.D. in the works of Bharata.
•It draws it central idea from the concept of Sadharanikaran(which is
quite close in meaning to the Latin term
communis, commonness, from which the word communication is derived.)
•The most important assumption
in the process of
sadharanikaranis that it can be achieved
only among sahridayas, i.e. only those who have a capacity to accept a
message. This is an innate ability
acquired through culture, adaptation and learning. Thus communication is an activity amongst sahridayas.
1.BharataMuni’s Theory
•As per this theory human
psyche is composed of ‘sthaibhava’(permanent moods).
These moods are of capable of arousing a
corresponding state of feeling, rasa.
•There are nine permanent
moods and they give rise to nine
rasasor forms of aesthetic pleasures.
Permanent Mood
1)Bhayanaka--Bhanayak(Anger)
2)Hrsha--Hasya(Humour)
3)Din –Karuna(Compassion)
4)Saumya–Shant(Peace)
5)Shringar–Prem(Love)
6)Rudra(Terror)
7)Bibhatsa(Disgust)
8)Adbhuta(Wonder)
9)Vir–Shaurya(Valor/Heroism)
These Sthaibhavasare accompanied
by many fleeting or secondary moods
that are common to several dominant moods and serve
the purpose of completely
manifesting the permanent moods. These
are called sancharisor vyabhicharibhavas.
•In addition there are vibhavasand anubhavas.
2.Hindu Theory (Philosophical View)Second Indian Theory
of Communication is from the Hindu philosophical perspective. Indian concept
takes into account the place of an individual in the universal context and
considers one’s relationship with other living and nonliving elements of the
environment.Hindu concept of universe is based on the ‘Virat Purush’(cosmic
man) view. i.e. that Dharma is the basic principle of the whole universe and is existing
eternally. This natural law of Dharma regulates human existence and governs
relations of individual beings; communication too is governed by the same law.
3.Buddhist Theory Wimal Dassanayaka draws on the Vedas, the
Upanishads, and non-philosophical tradition.The primary focus of this model is
how the receiver makes sense of the
stimuli he receives so as to deepen his self awareness. He argues in Indian
tradition, ‘communication is an inward search for meaning –a process leading to
self-awareness, then to freedom, finally to truth.’
Mass Communication and Mass Culture
•Culture can be defined as the beliefs
,values, orotherframeworksofreferencebywhichwemakesenseofourexperiences.Italsoconcernshowwecommunicatethesevaluesandideas.
•TheconceptofMassCulturereferstoawholerangeofpopularactivitiesandartefactstoentertainments,spectacles,music,books,films–buthasbecomeidentifiedwiththetypicalcontentofmassmediaandespeciallywiththefictional,dramaticandentertainmentmaterialwhichtheyprovide.•Massmediaarecentrallyinvolvedintheproductionofmodernculture.ReachofMassMediaislimitedinIndiathusMassCultureinourcountryisstillbyandlargetheonethatprevailsinourvillageswhereover77%oftheourpeoplelive.Herefolkmediaisstillpredominant.
•MostpopularentertainmentmediuminIndiaisCinema.Nearly800filmsproducedperyear.
•IndianCinemahasqualitiesofamasscultureproductbutitisdoubtfullifitistheonlyfactorthatcontributestothe‘massculture
Work cited:
Joshi, Dr. Dhvani A. "All in One Mass
Communication and Media Studies Presentation." All in One Mass
Communication and Media Studies Presentation. n.d.
No comments:
Post a Comment